societhf Images of Nature and Society in Chapter 19 of Huckleberry Fin

Images of Nature and Society in Chapter 19 of Huckleberry Finn   Ã‚   In Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain creates a strong opposition between the freedom of Huck and Jim's life on the raft drifting down the Mississippi River, which represents "nature," and the confining and restrictive life on the shore, which represents "society." Early in the novel, Huck describes how much he dislikes his life with the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson, who try to "sivilize" (1) him. He says "it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal and regular and decent the widow was in all her ways" (1). Huck wants to be free from the Widow's and Miss Douglas's rules and routines, and sees travel and mobility as his escape route. He tells the reader that when "I couldn't stand it no longer, I lit out" (1), and that "All I wanted was to go somewheres; all I wanted was a change" (2).    At the beginning of Chapter 19, Twain offers a long descriptive passage of Huck and Jim's life on the raft that seems, at first glance, to celebrate the idyllic freedom symbolized by the river and nature. The episode occurs immediately after the Grangerford episode, where both Huck and Jim were trapped--Jim in his hiding place in the swamp, and Huck in the absurd cycle of violence of the Grangerford's feud with the Shepherdsons. Now free to drift aimlessly down the river, Huck and Jim seem to escape the confining and destructive social world on the shore and return to nature. A close reading of this passage, however, shows that the river is not a privileged natural space outside of and uncontaminated by society, but is inextricably linked to the social world on the shore, which itself has positive value for Huck. I... ...e various signs of society's presence on the river seem at first to suggest contamination and corruption, by the end of this section we can see them as valuable and lovely in their own right. The steamboat's sparks are just as beautiful and awe-inspiring as the stars in the sky.    Works Cited Harris, Susan K. "Huck Finn." Huck Finn. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 1990.   Mitchell, Lee Clark. "The Authority of Language in Huckleberry Finn." New Essays on Huckleberry Finn. Ed. Louis J. Budd. New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. 1985. Trachtenberg, Alan. "The Form of Freedom in Huckleberry Finn." Huck Finn. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishing. 1990. Whitley, John S. "Kid's Stuff: Mark Twain's Boys." Huck Finn. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishing. 1990.   

Dandelion Wine Essay

Everyone enjoys the summertime. In Ray Bradbury’s Dandelion Wine, Douglas Spaulding, a twelve-year-old boy, wakes up the town to summer. A few days into summer, he suddenly realizes his existence and livelihood. Not merely existing and taking up space, Douglas notices his surroundings and slowly begins to understand life. How to manage and control one’s life on earth exists as one of the main issues Doug faces. He struggles in finding how to live life and using his time on earth to his full advantage. In Bradbury’s Dandelion Wine, the motif of time shows the struggle between life and death, serves as an object of change, and reinforces one’s short time on earth, suggesting that quality trumps quantity. The struggle between life and death exists throughout this novel. In the middle of summer, John Huff tells his best friend Doug that he is moving away. Doug then â€Å"freezes† John during a child’s game in an attempt to stop him from leaving. Doug’s actions represent the process that many people perform in order to slow down death. On the other hand, John acknowledges that he must leave and readily accepts his own personal death. He realizes his time to go has arrived and walks away with his head held high. Just like John, other people in Green Town accept their fate and simply continue on with life. Bradbury says in relation to the battle between people and pesky mosquitoes: â€Å"The mosquitoes were gone from the porch, and surely when they abandoned the conflict the war with Time was really done, there was nothing for it but that humans also forsake the battleground† (237). The battle between the mosquitoes and humans compares to the battle between life and death. Once humans give up the battle of fighting death in order to â€Å"live† longer, they will truly start to live by smelling flowers, climbing trees, and noticing the color of a loved one’s eyes. Quality time and quantity time serve as two types of time, and the choice of quality or quantity endures. Peoples’ attitudes and perspectives change considerably over time. Helen Loomis tells William Forrester of her gladness for the fact that he did not see her at the age of twenty, for she acted foolish and unwise. With age and elapsed time, she matures and becomes an influential speaker in the present. Grandpa Spaulding also modifies his recollection of events as he ages. He tells Doug and Tom that â€Å"you’ll find as you get older the days kind of blur . . . can’t tell one from the other. † (237). Grandpa does remember one event: William Forrester attempting to convince him to plant â€Å"cut-less† grass. Quality memories that are truthly important to someone will be remembered more than many unimportant, insignificant ones, as shown in this memory. Contrarily, time influences events and changes them in a circular way, where each step repeats but sometimes without Doug’s approval. The cycle of the type of shoes Doug wears develops this idea. Every summer, Doug buys a new pair of tennis shoes and wears them until early September. Next, he wears iron leather shoes all winter and at the beginning of summer, he runs barefoot for a time before buying new tennis shoes. The time of year influences his shoe selection and changes his choice of what to wear. Although, the season when he wears each shoe type remains constant, year to year. Doug believes his choice of shoes changes, but the sequence of selections remains constant. Similarly, the production of dandelion wine appears different day to day to Doug because of the unique events of the day, yet all the wine tastes essentially the same. â€Å"He saw the other numbered bottles waiting there, one like another, in no way different, all bright, all regular, all self-contained. There’s the day I found I was alive, he thought, and why isn’t it brighter than the others? . . . Did the wine remember? It did not! Or seemed not, anyway† (138). When the wine is made means nothing, because the quality of each batch remains the same. Time can change events or people by developing them into something new. Humans do not have much time on earth, so their time must be of quality. One of these principles says that one should live life to the fullest. Colonel Freeleigh loves calling to Mexico City and listening to the city’s sounds. Colonel Freeleigh disobeys the nurse and calls back to Mexico. He wants to die doing the thing he enjoys most and gladly accepts death as it envelopes him while listening to one of the few things that keeps him alive. Likewise, using tobacco remains harmful and bad, yet some people chew it for the enjoyment and satisfaction. Bradbury writes, describing the scene â€Å"In front of the United Cigar Store this evening the men were gathered to burn dirigibles, sink battle ships, blow up dynamite works and, all in all, savor the very bacteria in their porcelain mouths that would some day stop them cold† (33). These men realize the side effects of using tobacco, yet they would rather enjoy a few more years of life with tobacco rather than a few more years without it. The good times hardly ever last for as long as one would want them to, so one must live life to the fullest. Calendars and clocks only divide time into equal and smaller portions, yet everyone knows that some time periods pass quicker than others. The summer comes and goes quickly, so Doug documents it by recording each event as either a new discovery or a past ceremony. Other times of the year slip by and Doug takes little interest in them. Once again, time influences how one acts during the short periods of great enjoyment, especially the little time one is â€Å"living† here on earth. Time creates a sense of urgency that sometimes pressures people into actions they would have avoided. Time also may assist one in finding the true way of living. Without the realization that time is of the essence in Dandelion Wine, Douglas’ discovery of the important struggle between life and death or that over time people change and mature would have not occured. With that said, is Douglas too young to understand these universal ideas? Does he truly grasp the notion of quality over quantity by the end of this book? In Bradbury’s Dandelion Wine, the motif of time shows the struggle between life and death, and considering that one’s time on earth is short, quality trumps quantity.

Gender Roles In Susan Glaspells Trifles - 935 Words

Allya Henry Professor Hopkins ENC1102/CRN10807 4 October 2017 Gender Roles in â€Å"Trifles† Early twentieth century America is shaped by World War I , the effects of industrial growth, and a beginning of a new age in literature. Despite movements for progressive reforms like the prohibition of alcohol and the movement for women’s suffrage women’s rights were still limited by traditional gender roles. Women are a â€Å"detached portion† of their husbands and expected to submit to his every demand. As result of women being viewed as flighty and emotionally unstable, men must take the dominant role and every decision made in the family is approved by them. Moreover, the purpose of a woman’s life is to maintain a household and birth and care for her†¦show more content†¦Additionally, gender roles affect Mrs. Wright’s (also known as Minnie) reaction to oppressive marriage. Before marriage, Minnie was a carefree independent woman who was active in her community. She always dressed in pretty clothes and was one of the town girls singing in the choir (Glaspell 1111). After marriage, Minnie’s life became sad and lonely due to the lack of children and the lack of empathy and warmth from her husband. Glaspell provides the reader glimpse of Mr. Wright’s character through Mrs. Hale’s description of him being honest and upright, but he was a â€Å"hard man† and not very amiable (1114). The Wright’s marriage is a perfect example of the effects of traditional gender roles. Mr. Wright represents the traditional role of male dominance in marriage by controlling Minnie’s life through isolation and removing anything that would bring her happiness. Although Minnie became submissive in order to conform to the demands of her husband, she took back control when she murdered her husband in the same fashion as he did to her pet canary (1116). Furthermore, the men’s dismissal of the women’s opinions prevents them from finding evidence of a mo tive to convict Mrs. Wright. The men claim that the women’s concerns are trivial and could not possibly help them find evidence. As articulated by Greg Beatty, â€Å"All the male characters are blind to what is going on and are even condescending to the women. The county attorney is the worstShow MoreRelated Gender Roles in Susan Glaspells A Jury Of Her Peers and Trifles 1176 Words   |  5 PagesGender Roles in Susan Glaspells A Jury Of Her Peers and Trifles  Ã‚   Twentieth century society places few stereotypical roles on men and women.   The men are not the sole breadwinners, as they once were, and the women are no longer the sole homemakers.   The roles are often reversed, or, in the case of both parents working, the old roles are totally inconsequential.   Many works of literature deal with gendered roles and their effect on society as a whole or on an individual as a person.   A JuryRead MoreTrifles Analysis1273 Words   |  6 Pageswork of literature. Author Susan Glaspell is no exception to this rule. She uses her own dramatic technique in order to discuss the politics of gender, the unnoticed and repressed value of the role of women, the social and gender conventions in a male dominant society, freedom of speech, and the belief in womans rights. The technique she uses is the impact of being invisible. The use of one invisible character serves well to this purpose in one of Glaspells plays, Trifles. The invisible heroine contro lsRead MoreFeminist Criticism Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles 1512 Words   |  7 Pagesis and that’s how Susan Glaspell’s shows her work in her life time where women only had a few roles. They were to have house chores done, cook, and reproduce. Women in the early twentieth century felt it is time to stand up against patriarchal oppressions and which is why Glaspell’s work critiques the society we live in for restricting women. One of her most famous dramas, â€Å"Trifles†, Glaspell showed the females capability to stand up for one another. Gender issues play a role in everyday societyRead MoreTrifles981 Words   |  4 PagesReview of â€Å"Trifles† Susan Glaspell play, â€Å"Trifles†, revolves around Mrs. Wright, a woman who seeks revenge on her husband for oppressing her through their years of marriage. During the time of Glaspell’s play, early 1900’s, men are the dominant figures in society and women are expected to cook, clean, raise children and care for their husbands. 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The discriminatory separation between two genders proves that womenRead MoreThe Use of Symbols in Susan Glaspell’s Play Trifles1421 Words   |  6 PagesIn the nineteenth century until the twentieth century, women lived under men’s shadows. In that time, inequality between genders was the most obvious thing that characterized the society. Women’s role was guided by men and was simply related to their domestic environment; nothing but a caring wife and a busy mother. Unlike now, men looked at women as machines that had to provide c omfort and mind relax to their husbands even if their husbands did not provide that to them. To be specific, society inRead More The Danger in Susan Glaspells Trifles Essay799 Words   |  4 PagesThe Danger in Susan Glaspells Trifles Susan Glaspells Trifles is a play about a real life murder case that uses symbolism to help bring it to a close. It is easy to see that Mr. and Mrs. Wright live in a society that is cut off from the outside world and also strongly separated by gender. Three of the key symbols in Glaspells play are a simple bird cage, a quilt, and isolationism. Anna Uong of Virginia Tech and Karen Shelton of JSRCC share these same ideas on symbolism. TheseRead MoreTiffles Annotated Bibliography1375 Words   |  6 PagesTrifles Annotated Bibliography Alkalay-Gut, Karen. Jury of Her Peers: The Importance of Trifles. Studies in Short Fiction 21 (Winter 1984): 1-9. In this deeper look into Trifles, Karen goes through the plot and discusses what you should pay more attention too. She describes the symbolism in some of the objects as well as explain the scenes and their little details. Karen finds the difference between male and female perceptions of judgment to be central to the play. She explains that you

Social Construction Of Reality / Pg - 975 Words

Social construction of reality/pg. 117: The use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real. Throughout the video documentary on migrants trying to make a living, social construction of reality shaped the way they thought about the world. Most of the people revolved their life around family and the Catholic church. The way they were brought up and raised gave them another viewpoint on the world around them. The life experiences they had to go through, such as traveling from state to state to find work, made them think differently than most other people in the United States. Because of the lack of jobs where they were, the attitude when they did find a job was shaped around a grateful attitude. Even though the conditions were awful, the work load was heavy, and the pay was not great, any work these people could find they were jumping at the gun. There are not that many people in America that would work gruesome hours out in the roasting hot fields for the amount of pay these people were receiving. Because of the immigrants background and life experiences, they were taught to work hard and have an attitude that in the end will keep them alive. In their world, family and religion remained a huge part of life. Because of their religion, they remained strong and somewhat hopeful. The other aspect of family life just brought them closer and acted as a support group to each member. For example, when the father who was failing to provide for his familyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Daughter From Danang 1272 Words   |  6 PagesThrough the process of social construction, various social statuses, such as race, class, and gender, are given a deeper meaning than simply a category. 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Thomas states, â€Å"If people define situationsRead MoreAnalysis Of Dana Mastros Article Why The Medias Role On Issues Of Race And Ethnicity1045 Words   |  5 Pagesthat Dana Mastro’s 2015 article titled ‘Why the Media’s Role in Issues of Race and Ethnicity Should be in the Spotlight’ makes an important contribution to our understanding of the media’s role in the construction of perceptions of racial and ethnic groups and how these perceptions effect the social position of the people that they are about .This is largely because the media plays a huge role in an individual’s daily lives and it is very difficult to avoid its influence, at least partly, due to itsRead MoreEffects of Reality Tv on Society998 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many discussions about the effects of reality TV on society. Positive and negative effects of reality TV are two parts of a coin. Unfortunately the coin mostly falls on the negative side. 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Just take a few seconds to think to yourself, â€Å" How long [has] it [been]since you were really bothered? [Bothered ]abou t something important, about something real?†(pg) Ray Bradbury s book Fahrenheit 451 although written in 1953, was ahead of its time predicting technological marvels and our potential to indulge and be addicted to electronic media. The novel presents a twilight zone of what society could be like

Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development Essays - 1715 Words

Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a Swiss psychologist who had a lifelong interest in how individuals, especially children, use cognitive development to adapt to the world around them. Piaget published his first paper by the age of 10, completed his bachelor’s degree by the age of 18, and at the age of 22 received his PhD from the University of Neuchatel. Piaget spent many years of his life researching the developmental and cognitive knowledge of children. The Theory of Cognitive Development places focus on human intelligence and developmental thinking. â€Å"Influenced by his background in biology, Piaget (1950) viewed intelligence as a process that helps an organism adapt to its environment† (Rider and Sigelman, 2006, p.41). At an early age,†¦show more content†¦Sub-stage I occur between birth and six weeks of age and mainly focus on reflex development. Piaget describes three primary reflexes. They include; sucking, eye movement by following an object, and p almer grasping. Sub-stage II occurs from six weeks to four months of age and focuses on the development of habits. For example, if a child thinks something is pleasing or fascinating, odds are they are going to do it again. Sub-stage III places focus on infants from four to nine months of age. Stage III mainly focuses on hand eye coordination and object concept. â€Å"Object concept is the understanding of what an object is, including recognition that an object has properties that can stimulate all of you senses, and that an object continues to exist even when we do not perceive it† (Broderick Blewitt, 2009, g-10). An example of this would be if an infant wants something they will continue to grasp at the air until their hand reaches the desired object. Sub-stage IV occurs between the ages of nine and twelve months and involves a child’s secondary circular reactions. According to Piaget, this sub stage is an extremely critical stage of development. Sub-stage V occurs focuses on infants between twelve and eighteen months. In this stage children find ways to adapt to new challenges they will face. Sub-stage VI marks the passage from the Sensorimoter stage to the Preoperational stage and puts focus on a child’s tryShow MoreRelatedPiagets Theory of Cognitive Development1075 Words   |  5 PagesPiaget’s Theory of Child Psychological Development There currently exists a great deal of literature based on child developmental psychology from a variety of great psychologists, notably Freud, Erikson, Bowlby, Bandura, Vygotsky, and many others. However, this paper will focus on the theories of Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget, a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher, was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland on August 9, 1896. After working with Alfred Binet in his children’s intelligence testsRead MorePiagets Theory of Cognitive Development1173 Words   |  5 PagesCognitive development is the development of thought processes, including remembering, problem solving, and decision-making, from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. Historically, the cognitive development of children has been studied in a variety of ways. The oldest is through intelligence tests. An example of this is the Stanford Binet Intelligence Quotient test. IQ scoring is based on the concept of mental age, according to which the scores of a child of average intelligence matchRead MorePiaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development3150 Words   |  13 PagesPiaget’s Theory Of Cognitive Development Jaclyn F. Losquadro Hunter College, The City Of New York Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Cognitive development is much more than addition of new facts and ideas to an existing store of information. According to Piaget, our thinking processes change radically, though slowly, from birth to maturity because we constantly strive to make sense of our world. He also believed that all people pass through the same four stages (sensorimotor, preoperationalRead MorePiagets Theory of Cognitive Development959 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ The term cognitive development refers to the process of developing intelligence and higher level thinking that allows a person to acquire problem-solving skills from the age of infancy through adulthood. A Swiss philosopher by the name of Jean Piaget took an interest in in developmental psychology; specifically in children during infancy through pre-adolescence. This model developed by Piaget still has a modern-day relevancy. Contributions to Learning and Cognition Read MoreTheories Of Development : Piagets Theory Of Cognitive Development1363 Words   |  6 PagesPiagets theory of cognitive development In the 1960s and 1970s, the Freudian psychology was changed with the initiation of the empirical methods to study the human behavior. Psychologist and philosopher Jean Piaget empirically verified, moving towards the cognitive development theory to provide the new perspective to the individual in getting awareness about the developmental stages of the children. Just like Freud, Piaget thought that human development could only be described in stages. On theRead MoreDiscuss Piagets theory of cognitive development1235 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Discuss Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development Cognitive Development can be defined as the development of thought processes. This includes thinking, concept understanding, problem solving, and decision making and remembering from childhood on to adulthood. There are two theories of Cognitive development that offer us two different ways of understanding it. The first is called Domain general. This theory states that one line of development determines all of the changes in a child’sRead MorePiagets Stage Theory of Cognitive Development647 Words   |  3 PagesThe Piagets Theory The Piagets stage theory of cognitive development is also known as the stage theory. It introduces that, in the expansion of our thinking, we act through an organized and certain sequence of steps. However, the theory focuses not only on compassionate how the children obtain knowledge, but likewise on the discernment of the substance of intelligence. According to the Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, there are two stages in the thinking pattern of a 3-year old preschoolerRead More Major Challenges to Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development2134 Words   |  9 Pageschallenges to Piagets theory of cognitive development and what aspects still have value? To answer this question, Piagets theory of development should be explained along with Vygotskys theory and the connectionist theory of development, and then each should be compared with the others. Once this has been achieved the main similarities and differences will be summarized, and finally the areas of Piagets theory that have not been undermined by other theories will be reiterated. In Piagets opinionRead MoreThe Sensorimotor Stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe theorist, Jean Piaget, was most interested in the development of children’s intellectual organization. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development begins with the sensorimotor stage. Sensorimotor intelligence is thinking by observing objects and acting in response to them. Throughout the stages the child understands that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen which is referred to as object permanence. When a child exhibits a behavior that creates an experience that leads to repetitionRead MoreDevelopmental Theory Essay1726 Words   |  7 PagesShortcomings Of Piaget’s Theory. This essay will be summarising the contributions and shortcomings of the Cognitive-Developmental theory and firstly explore the background and key concept’s of Piaget’s work behind child development. Secondly Piaget’s ideas about cognitive change and the four stages of development from birth which are the sensorimotor stage, the pre-operational stage, the concrete operational stage and the formal operational stage and how this impacts development. Thirdly the main

Relativist Morality Is Unfair Discuss Free Essays

Relativist Morality is unfair discuss Relativist morality could be seen as unfair, when looked at closely and seen from critics’ point of view it becomes clear that it is easy to question perhaps because of its weakness as a moral system. The weakness could somewhat be perceived as making Relativist morality unfair. A relativist cannot pass judgement but yet to be true to their name ‘relativist’ they would be practising ‘do not pass judgement’ thus they are preaching to others that they should not do something in order for others to follow relativism. We will write a custom essay sample on Relativist Morality Is Unfair Discuss or any similar topic only for you Order Now This concludes that relativism is self – refuting because a concept of relativism has been broken in order to follow it. This could be seen as unfair because to put relativist morality into practice would involve relativists telling an individual what to do, regarding personal idea raises the question ‘ if being relativist means you are able to break a rule you live by, then it is not fair in terms of my attitudes to ethical understanding. However it could be said that it’s not unfair as its one thing that relativists ask people to do in order to consider living from a relativist’s point of view. In real life relativism would be extremely hard to live by in all situations, and again the idea of unfairness can be applied. If for example a relativist lived in a society that refuses to punish an individual that kills a child, then they are entitled to not like this as it is their opinion but but  they are not obliged to judge the abusers actions as unjust. It is apparent that killing a child is unjust and wrong but yet a relativist has no right to declare the murderer as guilty of wrongdoing, this rise a question ‘If we are certain that murder of a child is wrong, then how can relativism exists? ’ How can it be fair to not be able to label something seen as cruel , as unjust and thus wrong how can it be possible to not see this as unjust? And how is this fair on the victim? That their death was in fact not wrong and not unjust because the actions were committed subject to the perpetrator’s moral understanding of what is right and good or because their society claims that this is right and good. Relativists see no universal absolutes so nothing is universally bad or is it universally good thus this means that blame and praise would become nonexistent because praise comes from doing something good but without good this would be virtually impossible because good would not be judged and therefore it could not be praised in a moral sense. This again could be seen s unfair because it could an act of kindness but yet there is no absolute good in the act for example helping an elderly person with their shopping this is neither seen as good or bad and therefore no praise could come of doing what is believed to be good. Relativists can’t make charges of unfairness, despite what they may feel personally, say the relativist thought that it was unfair for Nazi Germany to slaughter many Jews , but Germany thought these actions to be correct because it is relative to their society then Germanys would say they were being fair and thus must the Relativist. Many individuals will question this because these people that were slaughtered were innocent but yet a relativist would have see these acts as fair, it does not seem fair to have an opinion that these acts were unfair but have to agree that they were fair. How is this view fair for the millions of innocent Jews that were slaughtered?. There would be no prison if moral relativism was to be put into practise because if there is not universal good or bad, then no law would be in place because nobody can decipher the truth thus punishment would be nonexistent because there is no need for anybody to be punished if no one has the right to pass judgement on whether their actions are right or wrong and the reason for imprisonment is because someone has committed crime thus there is no reason for prison to exists however then how would society function, in a recognizable fair way for example the idea of shoplifting this would not be controlled neither would happenings such as rape. This would not be fair because individuals could hurt or steal because it was their moral understanding of good etc so harm would not be seen as bad and neither would theft and the country would therefore not be able to run because people would live how they pleased subject to their moral understanding. This type of life for people would not be fair with no guidelines people would be free do what they like causing pain to other psychically and emotionally and this would not be fair. In conclusion it can be said that relativist morality would not be fair because of the complications it would have when followed correctly and how difficult it would be followed properly. It would cause many problems in reality that would not be fair on individuals. How to cite Relativist Morality Is Unfair Discuss, Papers

Argument National Registration Paramedics â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Argument National Registration Paramedics? Answer: Introducation Ambulance services in New South Wales are predominantly provided by a government operating statutory authority known as the New South Wales Ambulance. New South Wales Ambulance was initially established as the Ambulance Service of NSW under the Ambulance Services Act, 1976 (NSW) and it operates within the Health Services Act 1997 (NSW) (Eburn Bendall, 2013). Private ambulance services are equally tolerated in NSW, but their niche of play is narrow compared to the market share owned by New South Wales Ambulance. Some of the private insurance providers include EMT Medical Services and Paramedical Services. As an ambulance service, whether government-owned or privately-owned has two primary components: providing pre-hospital care, and the transportation of the sick and injured (Eburn Bendall, 2013). In New South Wales and other regions including the Australian Capital Territory, Tasmania, Queensland, ambulance care services often include emergency treatment, provision of first aid, transportation of the sick or injured, and the provision of other forms of prehospital care (Queensland Consolidated Acts, 2010). As outlined by Eburn and Bendall, (2013), under the Victorian Law, an Ambulance Service is mandated in five key areas. First, they should rapidly respond to medical emergency requests, second, they provide specialised transportation facilities for the transportation of individuals who require emergency care. The third mandate involves the provision of specialised medical skills for the purposes of maintaining life and reducing injuries in cases of emergency or in the transportation of those who need the services. They are also expected provide services suited for specialised medical or transport skills. Lastly, they ought to foster public education in first aid. New South Wales Ambulance In line with these regulations and expectations, the New South Wales Ambulance strives to provide clinical care and transport services related to health to close to 7.5 million inhabitants of New South Wales, spread across in an area of more than 800, 000 square kilometres (Health Ambulance Service of NSW, 2011). The service responds to both emergency and non-emergency health care needs. NSW Ambulance responds to more than one million service demands each year. However, there is an observed decline in the number of responses made between 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. The service evidenced a decline of approximately 1.3 percent between the two periods with a total of 1,127,545 responses in 2014/2015 against 1,115,635 responses in 2015/2016 (Health Ambulance Service of NSW, 2011). This translates to averagely 3048 responses each day equivalent to two responses every minute. The decline is attributed primarily to the transfer of a majority of Non-Emergency care activity to Health Share in m id-2014 (NSW Ambulance, 2014). Ambulance Staffing New South Wales Ambulance Service employs over four thousand people working in over 250 stations spread across the state, primarily in the frontline of service provision. The majority of these personnel includes both paramedics and specialists in areas such as aeromedical and medical retrieval, intensive care and extended care paramedics, counter disaster, and special operations, while less than ten percent of whom serve in the capacity of offering support services, administration, human resource and finance and payroll (Health Ambulance Service of NSW, 2011). The standard practice in NSW ambulances is to equip each ambulance with two paramedics. Paramedics are perceived as the greatest assets in the delivery of care out of the hospital setting, owing to the fact that they provide life-saving treatment. Paramedics are trained and expected to perform duties that include manual defibrillation, 3, 6 and 12 lead ECGs, airway management, medication and IV administration (Ambulance Service of NSW, 2011). The provision of this services ought to be guided by approved protocols and standard procedures (both clinical and pharmacological) in the management of the different clinical conditions. Ambulance service of NSW employs two major cadres of paramedics; intensive care paramedics, and extended care paramedics (Ambulance Service of NSW, 2011). Intensive care paramedics have a higher skill level following further training and education that will help them address the demands they face in practice. Intensive care paramedics undertake an advanced diploma of Paramedical Science delivered by NSW Ambulance Education Centre (Ambulance Service of NSW, 2011). The extended care paramedics, on the other hand, take more of a GP type approach and they do not respond to emergency calls (000) as their counterparts do. Extended care paramedics perform duties such as prescription of some medications, changing patient catheters, wound care, and attending to dislocated bones and joints. For large-scale emergencies, NWS ambulance employs both extended care and intensive care paramedics, special causality access team (SCAT), Paramedic rescue and Medical Physicians. For helicopter operations, a SCAT paramedic and a medical physician specialised in emergency medicine, anesthesiology or trauma are deployed as the minimum staff. Specialist Sections Some situations may require specialised medical care and response. For this, NSW Ambulance has formed highly trained, specialised and equipped units/sections. These sections include, Special Causality Access Team (SCAT) which are deployed to multi-casualty disasters and incidents; Rescue Operations for complex situations that may involve road crash, and chemical and biological accidents; the Special Operations Team are deployed to multi-casualty incidents and disasters and provide lifesaving interventions for people who are lost, trapped or in any form of precarious situation; and the Rapid Response unit which is tasked with providing early patient intervention and also cutting on the response times. Types of Ambulances The service also deploys an extensive fleet of about 1500 vehicles, of which over sixty-five percent are ambulance vehicles that respond to emergencies, non-emergencies, and rescue, aeromedical, and retrieval services. Due to the differences in the services provided, NSW Ambulance has different ambulance types which include emergency medical care ambulances, patient transport service, rescue trucks, rapid response vehicles, multi-purpose accounting, over-snow vehicles, special causality access team (SCAT) and the airwing (uses aircraft owned and operated by Royal Flying Doctor Service, and helicopters (Ambulance Service of NSW, 2011). To be able to cover the over one million responses, the road fleet is said to travel over forty-four thousand kilometres each year (Health Ambulance Service of NSW, 2011). References Ambulance Service of NSW. (2011). Paramedics. Retrieved from Ambulance economics of NSW: https://www.ambulance.nsw.gov.au/about-us/Paramedics.html Ambulance Service of NSW. (2011). Patient Transport Service. Retrieved from Health: Ambulance Service of NSW: https://www.ambulance.nsw.gov.au/about-us/Patient-Transport-Service.html Eburn, M., Bendall, J. (2013). The provision of Ambulance Services in Australia: a legal argument for the national registration of paramedics. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 1-10. Health Ambulance Service of NSW. (2011, November). About Us. Retrieved from Healthcare Ambulance Service of NSW: https://www.ambulance.nsw.gov.au/about-us.html NSW Ambulance. (2014). NSW Ambulance Year in Review 2014/15 32. Sydney: NSW Ambulance. Queensland Consolidated Acts. (2010, January). Ambulance Services Act 1991. Retrieved from Queensland Consolidated Acts: https://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdb/au/legis/qld/consol_act/asa1991158/